Fig. 1

Fructose promotes tumor angiogenesis in vivo and VEC viability in vitro. a, Images of CT26.WT subcutaneous tumors in the indicated groups of mice (5 mice per group). b, Tumor volumes of mice. c and d, Representative images of H&E staining and CD31 IHC staining of the dissected tumors. Black arrows indicate the vessels in H&E stained images. Scale bar: 20 μm. e, MVDs counted by CD31 staining in mouse tumors. 10 fields (400 ×) within hotspot areas with higher MVD were examined. Scale bar: 20 μm. f, Linear relationship between MVD and tumor volume. g, Ki67-positive index in tumor tissues of each group detected by IHC staining. The percentages of Ki67-positive cells were calculated. Scale bar: 20 μm. h, Linear relationship between MVD and Ki67 positive index in tumors. i, CD31 staining and MVDs in Panc02 subcutaneous graft tumors in three groups of mice (n = 5 mice per group). Scale bar: 20 μm. j, SVEC4-10 cells were cultured in the four kinds of media containing 10% dialyzed FBS (DFBS) for 72 h. Photographs were taken at 0 h and 72 h, and the cell viability was detected by viable cell counts. Scale bar: 100 μm. k, Cell death of SVEC4-10 and HUVEC cultured under the above four kinds of media for 48 h. l and m, CCK-8 analysis was used to detect the proliferation of SVEC4-10 (l) and HUVEC (m) cells under the four media containing 10% FBS or DFBS. n, Images and quantitative analysis of EdU staining in SVEC4-10 and HUVEC cells cultured under the four conditions containing 10% DFBS for 48 h. Scale bar: 50 μm. o, The effect of elevated fructose concentrations on SVEC4-10 cell viability under specific glucose concentrations was analyzed using CCK-8. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD; ns, non-significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01