Fig. 3

Fructose enhances the migration and angiogenesis abilities of VECs. a, Wound healing assay was used to analyze the migration ability of SVEC4-10 cells under the indicated culture conditions. Scale bar: 200 μm. b, The migration ability of SVEC4-10 cells was measured by wound healing assay in glucose (10 mM) medium containing different concentrations of fructose. Scale bar: 200 μm. c, Matrigel-based tube formation assay demonstrated the tube-forming ability of SVEC4-10 cells under the four specified culture conditions by measuring the length and number of tubes. Scale bar: 50 μm. d, The tube-forming ability of SVEC4-10 cells in glucose-free medium containing different concentrations of fructose. Scale bar: 50 μm. e, The tube-forming ability of SVEC4-10 cells in glucose (10 mM) medium containing different concentrations of fructose. Scale bar: 50 μm. f, The tube-forming ability of SVEC4-10 cells in fructose medium in the presence of 2, 5-AM (3 mM), 2-DG (2 mM) or KHK inhibitor (1 μM). Scale bar: 50 μm. g, Budding ability of isolated rat thoracic aorta rings under the indicated four culture conditions. Scale bar: 500 μm. h, The budding ability of isolated rat thoracic aortic rings in fructose medium with 2, 5-AM (3 mM), 2-DG (2 mM) or KHK inhibitor (1 μM). Scale bar: 500 μm. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; n = 3