Phosphoflow cytometry to assess cytokine signaling pathways in peripheral immune cells: potential for inferring immune cell function and treatment response in patients with solid tumors

Table 2 Cytokine signaling pathways associated with survival outcome following treatment in cancer patients

Cancer type	Cell type	Baseline or change after therapy	Treatment	Outcome measurement	Cytokine and phosphorylated signaling protein	Association with outcome	Reference
Melanoma	Lymphocytes	Change after therapy	High-dose interferon therapy	Disease-free survival, overall survival	IFN-α, p-STAT1(Y701)	+	[52]
Stage III/IV Melanoma	Regulatory T cells, CD8⁺ T cells	Change after therapy	Nivolumab	Overall survival	p-STAT3(S727)	+	[53]
Breast	CD4⁺ naïve T cells	Baseline	Standard of care	Relapse-free survival	IL-6, p-STAT1(Y701)	+	[19]
	CD4⁺ naïve T cells	Baseline	Standard of care	Relapse-free survival	IL-6, p-STAT3(Y705)	+	[19]
	Monocytes	Baseline	Standard of care	Relapse-free survival	IFN-γ, p-STAT1(Y701)	+	[48]
	CD45RA^loFoxP3^hi Regulatory T cells (Treg II)	Baseline	Standard of care	Relapse-free survival	TGF-β, p-SMAD2(S465/S467) p-SMAD3(S423/425)	-	[47]
					IL-10, p-STAT1(Y701)	-
					IL-4, p-STAT6(Y641)	+
					IFN-γ, p-STAT1(Y701)	+

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