Fig. 5

Circulating EVs are involved in the response to immunotherapy by affecting immune cells behaviour. A Scatter plot with median showing the amount of LAG-3⁺PD1⁺ EVs from T cells, reported as the fold change of the first-response/basal and of the second-response/first-response or of the progression/response of NRES, long RES and RES > PRO MM patients (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01). B Bar plot reporting the mean ± SD of migrated DCs (%) towards LND-1 cells, in presence or absence of circulating EVs from NRES, long RES and RES > PRO MM patients (before and after ICI). C. Bar plot showing PD-L1 expression in M0 macrophages, as a fold change of PD-L1⁺ M0 macrophages co-incubated with NRES, long RES and RES > PRO circulating EVs (first-response/basal, second-response/first-response or progression/response). D Bar plots representing the percentage of migrated M1-M2 macrophages in presence or absence of circulating EVs from NRES, long RES and RES > PRO MM patients (before ICI, and long RES before and after ICI) (**p < 0.01); representative images of transwell migration assay of M2 macrophages co-incubated with NRES and RES (best response) circulating EVs