Functional polarization of tumor-associated macrophages dictated by metabolic reprogramming

Table 1 The impacts of extrinsic metabolites on the metabolic reprogramming in TAMs

Metabolite	Signaling pathway	Metabolic pattern	Polarization	Ref
Lipids	JAK1/STAT6; mTOR; IRE1-XBP1/STAT3	FAO; Mitochondrial OXPHOS; ER lipid reshuffling and stress	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[100,101,102]
Succinate	SUCNR1/PI3K/HIF-1α	Mitochondrial TCA cycle and glycolysis	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[103]
α-KG	JMJD3; NF-κB; PPARγ	Mitochondrial respiration and FAO	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[51, 104]
Glutamine	_	Glutaminolysis and α-KG production	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[35, 55]
Tryptophan	AHR	Tryptophan catabolism and KYN production	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[105]
Adenosine	Adenosine receptors (A2A and A2B)	_	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[106, 107]
Lactate	HIF-1α	Lactate metabolism in TCA cycle and histone lactylation	Pro-tumorigenic polarization	[34, 108, 109]

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