Fig. 6

Preclinical assessment of the combined therapeutic efficacy of TMZ and ABX in patient-derived GBM organoid models. a Top, schematic illustration of PDOs construction. Bottom, representative images of GBM PDOs culture process. Scale bar, 400 µm. b The GFAP, SOX2, Ki-67 and Vimentin markers were detected in tissue slices of GBM PDOs by immunofluorescence staining. c Representative H&E staining images of GBM PDOs and parental GBM tumor tissue slices are presented. d Representative images of GBM PDOs after indicated drug treatments for 5 days, the morphology and size of the organoids were observed and analyzed. Scale bar, 400 µm. e Immunofluorescence staining of Ki-67 and γ-H2AX was conducted to evaluate the PDOs proliferation index and DNA damage index in each treatment group. f-g The ratio of inhibition rate was calculated for 16 GBM patient-derived organoids (PDOs) treated with a combination of TMZ and ABX, compared to those treated with TMZ alone. h GBM PDOs were classified based on IDH1/2 and ATRX mutations, and the respective efficacy of TMZ and ABX combination therapy was quantified for each group