Fig. 2
From: Amino acid metabolism reprogramming: shedding new light on T cell anti-tumor immunity
Nutrient competition affects T cells through a variety of mechanisms. Nutrient competition leads to amino acid depletion, which inhibits mTOR and activates GCN2, alters PD-1 expression, and affects epigenetic and post-translational modifications. Together, these pathways affect T cell protein translation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, activation, and effector function. Abbreviations: 4E-BP1, EIF4E-binding protein; S6K1, p70 S6 kinase; eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2; cdk4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4; NT, nitration of tyrosine; ONOO-, peroxynitrite; mPGES1, microsomal prostaglandin E synthetase 1; UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate n-acetyl glucosamine; IL-3R, IL-3 receptor; GlcN-6-P, glucosamine-6-phosphate; Ac, acetyl; T, Thymine; Me, methyl; C, Cytosine; SAM, S-adenosyl methionine; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate