Fig. 1

Selective oncolytic efficacy of PRV-LAV in vitro. A PK-15 cells infected with the PRV-LAV HB2000 strain (MOI = 0.001) were specifically labeled with an antibody against PRV gB and then imaged via phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. Green staining, infected cells positive for gB protein. Scale bar, 100 μm. B PK-15 cells were infected with PRV-LAV. Single-step growth analyses were conducted. Virus was collected from both the supernatant and cell lysate. C Cell viability assays were performed in 38 representative cancer cell lines at 72 h after exposure to PRV-LAV HB2000. The results are visualized on a heat map generated with GraphPad Prism 7. The values are the average of three independent experiments. D, E The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values (D) and percentage of viable cells (MOI = 1) (E) in 38 cancer cell lines treated with HSV-17, OVH and PRV-LAV HB2000 were determined from three independent experiments. Each value is plotted as a single symbol. The IC₅₀ values were determined by nonlinear regression fitting using GraphPad Prism software. Bars indicate the mean values. Cancer cell lines were selected to cover the major types of cancer. Red, lung cancer; blue, liver cancer; brown, pancreatic cancer; violet, renal cell carcinoma; light orange, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; black, cervical carcinoma; pink, ovarian cancer; green, gastric cancer; deep purple, colon cancer; light brown, lymphoma; orange, glioma; light blue, laryngeal cancer; light pink, melanoma; light yellow, mammary cancer. F Cell viability assays were performed on normal human cells at 72 h after exposure to HSV-1 strain 17, OVH and PRV-LAV HB2000. The black bars indicate the mean values. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the significance of differences in the percentages of viable cells after infection with PRV-LAV and compared with those in the groups treated with HSV-17 and OVH. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Human foreskin fibroblasts, HFF-1; human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, HPNE; human hepatocytes, HepRG; human uterine stromal cells, iehESCs; primary skin fibroblasts, HSFs; primary human hepatocytes, PHHs