IGF-1R targeting in cancer – does sub-cellular localization matter?

Table 2 Common mechanisms of resistance to IGF-1R -targeted drugs

Mechanisms of resistance to IGF-1R targeted therapy	References
Constitutive activation of downstream signaling PI3K-AKT-mTOR	[85, 140]
Constitutive activation of downstream signaling MAPK cascade	[141]
Absence of IRS-1, IRS-2	[142]
Plasma IGF-1R sequestering of anti-IGF1R antibodies	[143]
InsR signaling compensating for IGF1R inhibition	[144]
InsR-IGF1R hybrid receptors	[28, 145]
Crosstalk with other receptors	[11, 74, 75, 146,147,148,149]

ISSN: 1756-9966