Fig. 2

Bregs promote the development of BLCA. (A) The infiltration levels of Bregs were quantified using dual immunohistochemical staining of CD19 and IL10. CD19 was visualized with blue staining, while IL10 was represented by brown staining. (B) Infiltration levels of Bregs in clinical samples obtained from a local hospital. (C) Higher infiltration levels of Bregs were observed in BLCA tissues compared to paracancerous tissues. (D) Infiltration levels of Bregs were associated with advanced TNM stages in BLCA samples. (E) Experimental design to demonstrate the pro-tumor functions of Bregs. (F) Purity of B cells isolated from PBMC using magnetic beads was assessed through flow cytometry analysis. (G) B cells educated by SW780 and T24 cells exhibited enhanced Breg features. (H, I) T24 and SW780 cells co-incubated with educated B cells displayed increased migration (H) and invasion (I) abilities. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001