Fig. 1

Downregulation of CSMD1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in glioma. Patients in the TCGA cohort were divided into two groups based on their expression of CSMD1. Downregulation of CSMD1 expression was associated with decreased (A) OS time and (B) DFS time as well as (C) non-co-deleted 1p/19q and (D) wt-IDH phenotype in glioma samples, E increased fraction of genome altered and (F) increased mutation count in TCGA Cohort. G-H Reduced OS time in the CSMD1 low group in comparison to the CSMD1 high group and decreased expression of CSMD1 in (I & J) non-co-deleted 1p/19q and (K&L) wt-IDH were confirmed using Erasmus and Beijing cohorts. M Cryosections of surgical tissue sections from patients with LGG showed high expression of CSMD1 (green) while cryosections of surgical tissue sections from patients with GBM showed low or depleted expression of CSMD1. N The signal intensity of CSMD1 (green) was evaluated in healthy brain areas of mice as well as tumor areas from LGG and HGG samples. O The intensity of CSMD1 signaling per cell was found to be reduced in HGG induced by RCAS-PDGFB + RCAS-shp53. Long-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to assess OS and DFS curves. Mann–Whitney test was used when comparing two groups (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001) and one-way ANOVA Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used when comparing 3 or more groups (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, **** < 0.0001). wt: wild-type. Scale bar = 50 µm