Fig. 2

Overexpression of CSMD1 inhibited the aggressive phenotype of glioma cells. CSMD1 overexpression inhibited proliferation in (A) H4, (B) U-118 and (C) U-87 glioma cell lines. The data from day 1 for each group were used for normalization to accurately determine the proliferation rate. Representative images from (D) migration and (H) invasion assays. CSMD1 overexpression decreased both the (E–G) migration and (I-K) invasion abilities of glioma cells. L Representative images of tumorsphere formation. M–O The total number of tumorspheres was decreased with CSMD1 overexpression and (P-R) tumorspheres were smaller than Ctrl tumorspheres. S Representative images from the soft agar colony formation assay. T-V CSMD1 overexpression decreased the anchorage-independent growth of glioma cells in a soft agar colony formation assay. W-Y CSMD1-overexpressing cells had decreased ALDH activity in comparison to Ctrl glioma cells. Unpaired t-test was used when comparing 2 samples and two-way ANOVA Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used when comparing 3 or more groups with 2 variables (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001). Scale bar = 500 µm