Fig.1

A multitude of factors influence the colonization of the gastric microbiota from prenatal development through adulthood. In the prenatal stage, the establishment of the initial gastric microbiome is shaped by factors such as the maternal microbiota, duration of gestation, and individual genetic makeup. Subsequently, during the neonatal period, variables including delivery mode, lactation method, and environmental exposures exert additional influence on early-life microbial composition. As individuals’s transition into adulthood, dietary preferences, obesity status, and geographic location persist as pivotal determinants in molding the architecture of the gastric microbiome